# Exploring Christian Ethics

## Metadata
- Author: [[Kyle D. Fedler]]
- Full Title: Exploring Christian Ethics
- Category: #books
## Highlights
- The best explorers have some common characteristics. ([Location 65](https://readwise.io/to_kindle?action=open&asin=B005K7J8SI&location=65))
- First, they remain open to new discoveries. ([Location 65](https://readwise.io/to_kindle?action=open&asin=B005K7J8SI&location=65))
- The best explorers embark on their journeys with a willingness to be transformed and to have… ([Location 66](https://readwise.io/to_kindle?action=open&asin=B005K7J8SI&location=66))
- Second, explorers ask… ([Location 66](https://readwise.io/to_kindle?action=open&asin=B005K7J8SI&location=66))
- Third, great explorers develop maps or larger theories that help… ([Location 69](https://readwise.io/to_kindle?action=open&asin=B005K7J8SI&location=69))
- Good explorers try to place all their findings within a… ([Location 71](https://readwise.io/to_kindle?action=open&asin=B005K7J8SI&location=71))
- Finally, effective exploration requires a combination of… ([Location 71](https://readwise.io/to_kindle?action=open&asin=B005K7J8SI&location=71))
- One purpose of this book is to look at the grammar of ethics. Every day, you use the language of ethics: right, wrong, good, bad, virtuous, obligation, duty, compassion, jealousy. This is the language of ethics. One purpose of this book is to get you to look more carefully at the way you use that language, to help you… ([Location 76](https://readwise.io/to_kindle?action=open&asin=B005K7J8SI&location=76))
- A second purpose of this book is not simply to examine the grammar of your everyday moral language, but to familiarize you with what might be called a "second language"-namely, the… ([Location 79](https://readwise.io/to_kindle?action=open&asin=B005K7J8SI&location=79))
- It is my hope that after reading this book you will be better able to speak the language of Christian ethics, because for Christians the ultimate goal is to make this language their native tongue… ([Location 82](https://readwise.io/to_kindle?action=open&asin=B005K7J8SI&location=82))
- To summarize, one goal of this book is to help you examine your own use of moral language and concepts so as to become more aware of how you make ethical decisions. The second goal is to become familiar with the main tenets of Christian ethics. For those of you who are actively… ([Location 86](https://readwise.io/to_kindle?action=open&asin=B005K7J8SI&location=86))
- Ethicists divide the field of ethics into three branches: descriptive, prescriptive or… ([Location 89](https://readwise.io/to_kindle?action=open&asin=B005K7J8SI&location=89))
- Descriptive ethics is not geared toward asking what people ought to do or how they should feel. Rather, it is concerned primarily with discovering how people actually… ([Location 90](https://readwise.io/to_kindle?action=open&asin=B005K7J8SI&location=90))
- "Public support for capital punishment in America is declining." This is an example of descriptive ethics because it is… ([Location 91](https://readwise.io/to_kindle?action=open&asin=B005K7J8SI&location=91))
- "The decline in support for capital punishment is unfortunate given that capital punishment is right and necessary." This second statement moves us out of the realm of mere description because it… ([Location 92](https://readwise.io/to_kindle?action=open&asin=B005K7J8SI&location=92))
- As beginning ethicists, you should be on guard against falling into two very common traps whereby you make normative… ([Location 94](https://readwise.io/to_kindle?action=open&asin=B005K7J8SI&location=94))
- This is a very common… ([Location 95](https://readwise.io/to_kindle?action=open&asin=B005K7J8SI&location=95))
- Unless one is a complete relativist, the popularity of a position does not… ([Location 95](https://readwise.io/to_kindle?action=open&asin=B005K7J8SI&location=95))
- A second trap usually takes some form of the following: "It may be right for people to do X, but nobody ever does, so we… ([Location 97](https://readwise.io/to_kindle?action=open&asin=B005K7J8SI&location=97))
- The purpose of normative ethics is to set standards, even if those standards appear stringent or even… ([Location 100](https://readwise.io/to_kindle?action=open&asin=B005K7J8SI&location=100))
- Prescriptive or normative ethics is the type of ethical inquiry that "prescribes" certain actions, behaviors, or nodes of feeling and thinking. It seeks to establish "norms" for acting, thinking, and feeling. A norm is a rule.… ([Location 101](https://readwise.io/to_kindle?action=open&asin=B005K7J8SI&location=101))
- When we engage in normative ethics we are seeking to establish the right or good ways of… ([Location 102](https://readwise.io/to_kindle?action=open&asin=B005K7J8SI&location=102))
- Metaethics involves the investigation into how people use moral language and the ways in which they go… ([Location 106](https://readwise.io/to_kindle?action=open&asin=B005K7J8SI&location=106))
- Metaethicists ask such questions as "What is the meaning of the word ought or… ([Location 106](https://readwise.io/to_kindle?action=open&asin=B005K7J8SI&location=106))
- How do people use such terms'? How do people go about deciding what makes… ([Location 107](https://readwise.io/to_kindle?action=open&asin=B005K7J8SI&location=107))
- Much of this hook deals with normative ethics because it focuses on the question "How ought Christians to act, feel, or think?" Throughout the book we will try to maintain it balance between two closely related… ([Location 110](https://readwise.io/to_kindle?action=open&asin=B005K7J8SI&location=110))
- Decisionist ethics focuses on the question "What ought I to do?" It often deals with… ([Location 111](https://readwise.io/to_kindle?action=open&asin=B005K7J8SI&location=111))
- "quandary ethics" because it deals with moral quandaries or… ([Location 113](https://readwise.io/to_kindle?action=open&asin=B005K7J8SI&location=113))
- Virtue ethics is a type of normative ethics that downplays the importance of particular tough decisions in favor of an examination of the characteristics or virtues… ([Location 114](https://readwise.io/to_kindle?action=open&asin=B005K7J8SI&location=114))
- Virtue ethics seeks to establish a model of the… ([Location 115](https://readwise.io/to_kindle?action=open&asin=B005K7J8SI&location=115))
- The good life, as the focus of so much ancient Greek and Roman moral philosophy, is that for which human beings are designed, the manner of living that most… ([Location 116](https://readwise.io/to_kindle?action=open&asin=B005K7J8SI&location=116))
- Virtue ethics also seeks to answer the question "What kind of person should I be?" What kinds of characteristics or virtues make a good person? Humility?… ([Location 119](https://readwise.io/to_kindle?action=open&asin=B005K7J8SI&location=119))
- Finally, virtue ethics also addresses the question "How does the… ([Location 122](https://readwise.io/to_kindle?action=open&asin=B005K7J8SI&location=122))
- a major part of becoming a moral human being is learning to respond to… ([Location 122](https://readwise.io/to_kindle?action=open&asin=B005K7J8SI&location=122))
- Although the category of "Christian ethics" did not emerge until about three hundred years after the death of Jesus Christ, the earliest Christians were… ([Location 131](https://readwise.io/to_kindle?action=open&asin=B005K7J8SI&location=131))
- Many of these early defenders of the faith (called "apologists") were less concerned with showing that Christian doctrine was logical and believable than with demonstrating the… ([Location 133](https://readwise.io/to_kindle?action=open&asin=B005K7J8SI&location=133))
- Morality is central to the very core of the Jewish and… ([Location 142](https://readwise.io/to_kindle?action=open&asin=B005K7J8SI&location=142))
- At the risk of oversimplification, the Christian universe consists of three components: God, the created world, and human beings. Faith claims about each of these contribute to the overall Christian emphasis on morality and ethics. Put differently, it is what Christians profess to believe about God,… ([Location 144](https://readwise.io/to_kindle?action=open&asin=B005K7J8SI&location=144))
- Christians make about God that make morality so vitally important: (1) Yahweh is a God who acts in… ([Location 147](https://readwise.io/to_kindle?action=open&asin=B005K7J8SI&location=147))
- But Deism (as this view is called) is contrary to what… ([Location 150](https://readwise.io/to_kindle?action=open&asin=B005K7J8SI&location=150))
- The Christian confession that God acts in human affairs is a warrant for Christians to take seriously… ([Location 152](https://readwise.io/to_kindle?action=open&asin=B005K7J8SI&location=152))
- Yahweh is a God who intimatelycares for real people in… ([Location 156](https://readwise.io/to_kindle?action=open&asin=B005K7J8SI&location=156))
- The God of the Bible is no theoretical God of the philosophers who sits alone thinking God's own inner thoughts. No, the God revealed in Scripture enters into the messy world… ([Location 157](https://readwise.io/to_kindle?action=open&asin=B005K7J8SI&location=157))
- Because our God is a just, loving, and compassionate God, we are called to be just, loving, and compassionate. In other words, for Christians, there is a profound connection between our… ([Location 161](https://readwise.io/to_kindle?action=open&asin=B005K7J8SI&location=161))
- Because Christians see the world differently, they act differently. If Christian morality has been overrun by secular morality, that is only a symptom. The underlying cause is that many Christians no longer view the world from a Christ-centered and biblical perspective. ([Location 193](https://readwise.io/to_kindle?action=open&asin=B005K7J8SI&location=193))
- As Donald Luck observes, we need to discover that "as remote and comical as fussing with ideas may seem, ideas are real and very important. They change the world.'' ([Location 195](https://readwise.io/to_kindle?action=open&asin=B005K7J8SI&location=195))
- If I envision everyone outside my small circle as hostile competitors in a dog-eat-dog world, then I will form my behavior, virtues, and emotions around that belief. If I believe that all poor people are lazy, then that perception determines my behavior and response to poor persons. But if I believe that all persons are made in the image of God, then that faith commitment will shape my actions, feelings,and virtues. If I believe that God is ultimately in control of history and will one day bring justice and peace on earth, then that faith commitment will shape my actions and attitudes. ([Location 197](https://readwise.io/to_kindle?action=open&asin=B005K7J8SI&location=197))
- "What is best for me?" This mode of reasoning is called ethical egoism. Ethical egoism says that decisions should he based on the following principle: Everyone should act so as to inaximize his or her own benefit. ([Location 224](https://readwise.io/to_kindle?action=open&asin=B005K7J8SI&location=224))
- "Look out for number one." ([Location 226](https://readwise.io/to_kindle?action=open&asin=B005K7J8SI&location=226))
- At the very heart of Christianity is the claim that loving and serving other human beings is part of the good life. ([Location 232](https://readwise.io/to_kindle?action=open&asin=B005K7J8SI&location=232))
- However, as we shall see when we turn to Scripture in part 2, ethical egoism is the antithesis of a biblically formed moral life. ([Location 236](https://readwise.io/to_kindle?action=open&asin=B005K7J8SI&location=236))
- psychological egoism says that people always act out of some degree of self-interest. Psychological egoism is a descriptive view, not a normative one. It simply describes the way people act; it does not say that people ought to act in their own self-interest. A psychological egoist would say that in making his decision John will inevitably act in his own self-interest. ([Location 238](https://readwise.io/to_kindle?action=open&asin=B005K7J8SI&location=238))
- First, it is a difficult theory to refute, because it is notoriously difficult to discern or isolate someone's motives. ([Location 240](https://readwise.io/to_kindle?action=open&asin=B005K7J8SI&location=240))
- psychological egoists can always find self-interest, even in seemingly altruistic (i.e., self-giving) actions. ([Location 243](https://readwise.io/to_kindle?action=open&asin=B005K7J8SI&location=243))
- Human beings, even the founding fathers and mothers of the faith, are portrayed as weak, sinful, disobedient, lustful, and greedy. ([Location 251](https://readwise.io/to_kindle?action=open&asin=B005K7J8SI&location=251))
- Second, psychological egoism as a philosophical perspective fails to capture the Christian claim that human beings, while sinful, are also transformed by their faith in Jesus Christ. ([Location 258](https://readwise.io/to_kindle?action=open&asin=B005K7J8SI&location=258))
- Human actions can be broken down into three parts: the agent, the action itself, and the consequences of the action. ([Location 269](https://readwise.io/to_kindle?action=open&asin=B005K7J8SI&location=269))
- Consequentiu/ism argues that the consequences of an action should determine its morality. Virtue theorv claims that we should focus on the agent performing the action, ([Location 270](https://readwise.io/to_kindle?action=open&asin=B005K7J8SI&location=270))
- Deontologists contend that there is something inherent in the very nature of certain human actions that makes them right or wrong. It is not simply a matter of the consequences of the action being good (consequentialism) or that the action reveals something about the nature of the person (virtue theory). ([Location 273](https://readwise.io/to_kindle?action=open&asin=B005K7J8SI&location=273))
- Rather, certain acts have qualities that (at least initially) make them right or wrong. ([Location 274](https://readwise.io/to_kindle?action=open&asin=B005K7J8SI&location=274))
- Greek deontos, meaning duty. ([Location 276](https://readwise.io/to_kindle?action=open&asin=B005K7J8SI&location=276))
- A deontological method of doing ethics stresses the notion that certain cations are inherently right or wrong. ([Location 276](https://readwise.io/to_kindle?action=open&asin=B005K7J8SI&location=276))
- In fact, many Christians believe that attempts to make oneself appear righteous in God's sight by good deeds and following rules (or the Jewish law) are actually a reflection of human sinfulness. It is a sign that humans are too proud to accept God's free gift of forgiveness in Jesus Christ (see chapter 10). ([Location 282](https://readwise.io/to_kindle?action=open&asin=B005K7J8SI&location=282))
- antinomianis,n. the stance of being against (anti) all laws (nomoi). ([Location 294](https://readwise.io/to_kindle?action=open&asin=B005K7J8SI&location=294))
- Antinomianism fails to appreciate the place and importance of rules in the Christian life. ([Location 294](https://readwise.io/to_kindle?action=open&asin=B005K7J8SI&location=294))
- Deontologists focus on the action itself because that is the one thing that is within our control. ([Location 297](https://readwise.io/to_kindle?action=open&asin=B005K7J8SI&location=297))
- The phrase often used by deontologists is "The end does not always justify the means.' In other words, the goals that humans strive for (the "ends") do not justify or make right any means to achieve them. ([Location 299](https://readwise.io/to_kindle?action=open&asin=B005K7J8SI&location=299))
- limited negative responsibility. ([Location 321](https://readwise.io/to_kindle?action=open&asin=B005K7J8SI&location=321))
- Negative responsibility is responsibility not just for what we do but for what we allow to happen. Deontologists claim that we have a very limited negative responsibility, they focus on what we do rather than on what we allow to happen. ([Location 321](https://readwise.io/to_kindle?action=open&asin=B005K7J8SI&location=321))
- there is a great emphasis on rules in deontology, since rules dictate which actions are obligatory and which are prohibited. ([Location 329](https://readwise.io/to_kindle?action=open&asin=B005K7J8SI&location=329))
- First Major Issue: Which Rules? ([Location 330](https://readwise.io/to_kindle?action=open&asin=B005K7J8SI&location=330))
- The most famous deontologist, the German philosopher Immanuel Kant, ([Location 331](https://readwise.io/to_kindle?action=open&asin=B005K7J8SI&location=331))
- Bible. At this point let us simply look at several other rules or sets of rules that have been foundations for Christian morality. ([Location 339](https://readwise.io/to_kindle?action=open&asin=B005K7J8SI&location=339))
- 1. The 1)ecalo'ue. ([Location 340](https://readwise.io/to_kindle?action=open&asin=B005K7J8SI&location=340))
- 2. Lore. ([Location 341](https://readwise.io/to_kindle?action=open&asin=B005K7J8SI&location=341))
- 3. The Golden Rule. ([Location 343](https://readwise.io/to_kindle?action=open&asin=B005K7J8SI&location=343))
- Second Major Issue: Applicability o/Rules ([Location 350](https://readwise.io/to_kindle?action=open&asin=B005K7J8SI&location=350))
- The first question that you should ask of any deontologist is "What rules or principles are you working with'?" The next major question about deontological systems is how to apply these rules. ([Location 350](https://readwise.io/to_kindle?action=open&asin=B005K7J8SI&location=350))
- Meaning: What Is the Meaning of the Ride? ([Location 352](https://readwise.io/to_kindle?action=open&asin=B005K7J8SI&location=352))
- Weight: What Is the Weight of the Rule? ([Location 361](https://readwise.io/to_kindle?action=open&asin=B005K7J8SI&location=361))
- Rule of thumb. A rule might simply be a "rule of thumb." As such it carries no moral weight, and breaking it is not seen as a moral infraction. ([Location 364](https://readwise.io/to_kindle?action=open&asin=B005K7J8SI&location=364))
- Absolute. On the other extreme, a rule might be absolute. This means that in all cases where the rule applies, it must be followed. ([Location 370](https://readwise.io/to_kindle?action=open&asin=B005K7J8SI&location=370))
- Prima facie. One reason that many people shy away from thinking about rules as absolutes is that there are many cases where more than one rule or principle might apply. In fact, it is usually the case that a moral question arises because of a conflict of rules or obligations' ([Location 372](https://readwise.io/to_kindle?action=open&asin=B005K7J8SI&location=372))
- Prima facie means "at first view." At first view, such rules are binding; if no other rule or principle conflicts with the prima facie rule, it must be followed. ([Location 378](https://readwise.io/to_kindle?action=open&asin=B005K7J8SI&location=378))
- 1. One prima facie rule overrides another when "better reasons can be offered to act on the overriding norm than on the infringed norm."' ([Location 391](https://readwise.io/to_kindle?action=open&asin=B005K7J8SI&location=391))
- 2. Overriding a prima facie rule should be a last resort. ([Location 393](https://readwise.io/to_kindle?action=open&asin=B005K7J8SI&location=393))
- 3. We should seek the action that least violates the principle being overridden. ([Location 395](https://readwise.io/to_kindle?action=open&asin=B005K7J8SI&location=395))
- 4. Finally, the principle that is overridden leaves what philosopher Robert Nozick calls "moral traces."t° In our case, the moral trace is the felt need to apologize at a latter point for lying. ([Location 399](https://readwise.io/to_kindle?action=open&asin=B005K7J8SI&location=399))
- Prima facie rules create a presumption or burden of proof. ([Location 402](https://readwise.io/to_kindle?action=open&asin=B005K7J8SI&location=402))
- Consequc ntia/fists contend that actions are to be judged not by some inherent quality but by the consequences that they produce. ([Location 426](https://readwise.io/to_kindle?action=open&asin=B005K7J8SI&location=426))
- The main type of consequent] all sill is called utilitarianism. ([Location 426](https://readwise.io/to_kindle?action=open&asin=B005K7J8SI&location=426))
- But when determining the right action, there is only one rule: Do the greatest good for the greatest number. ([Location 435](https://readwise.io/to_kindle?action=open&asin=B005K7J8SI&location=435))
- Therefore, in my opinion, the best approach is to say that the principle of utility is a prima facie obligation. Christians have a prima facie obligation to help others and to avoid harming them. But Christians have other obligations imposed by God, and there might be tines when these obligations must override the principle of utility. ([Location 497](https://readwise.io/to_kindle?action=open&asin=B005K7J8SI&location=497))
- virtue ethics. ([Location 504](https://readwise.io/to_kindle?action=open&asin=B005K7J8SI&location=504))
- To be a truly good person, it is not enough that one simply do the right things; one must also feel the right way and do the right things with the right motives and intentions. In other words, one must possess a certain kind of character. ([Location 507](https://readwise.io/to_kindle?action=open&asin=B005K7J8SI&location=507))
- This way of thinking about morality is called virtue ethics or character ethics and focuses less on the question "What should I do?" and more on the question "What kind of person should I be?" ([Location 509](https://readwise.io/to_kindle?action=open&asin=B005K7J8SI&location=509))
- This is what Jesus means when he says, "Either make the tree good, and its fruit good; or make the tree bad, and its fruit bad; for the tree is known by its fruit. . . . The good person brings good things out of a good treasure, and the evil person brings evil things out of an evil treasure" (Matt. 12:33, 35). Jesus contends that, like good fruit that cones naturally and inevitably from a good tree, so too do righteous actions come forth from a righteous person. ([Location 517](https://readwise.io/to_kindle?action=open&asin=B005K7J8SI&location=517))
- A virtue is a type of habit. "Habit" is a technical term that has been used for over two thousand years to describe an inclination or disposition to act, think, or feel in a certain way. Habits are tendencies or patterns of behavior or thought. ([Location 525](https://readwise.io/to_kindle?action=open&asin=B005K7J8SI&location=525))
- Human beings are designed a certain way with a particular end or purpose. Therefore, the virtues are those characteristics that, when practiced, make us better people. As sharpness makes good knives, human virtues make good people. ([Location 532](https://readwise.io/to_kindle?action=open&asin=B005K7J8SI&location=532))
- Virtue Ethics Focuses on the Whole Person, Not Just Particular Actions ([Location 536](https://readwise.io/to_kindle?action=open&asin=B005K7J8SI&location=536))
- In place of discussing good and bad acts, virtue theorists discuss what makes a good or bad person, a person of virtue or vice. ([Location 539](https://readwise.io/to_kindle?action=open&asin=B005K7J8SI&location=539))
- In other words, humility is a virtue in Christianity because of the grand narrative we tell about God, Jesus Christ, creation, human sinfulness, and the redemption on the cross, in addition to an explanation of how we are called to be servants because our Lord became a servant. To explain why humility is part of what it means to be a good person would require an explanation of why humility is a constitutive part of what… ([Location 557](https://readwise.io/to_kindle?action=open&asin=B005K7J8SI&location=557))
- Virtue Ethics Places Actions within the History… ([Location 567](https://readwise.io/to_kindle?action=open&asin=B005K7J8SI&location=567))
- This is to say that all people have characters that they have developed over their lifetimes. Whether or not they view a situation as morally… ([Location 578](https://readwise.io/to_kindle?action=open&asin=B005K7J8SI&location=578))
- For Virtue Ethicists, Acts Both Reflect Who We Are and… ([Location 589](https://readwise.io/to_kindle?action=open&asin=B005K7J8SI&location=589))
- One of the central presumptions of virtue ethicists is the dialectical relationship… ([Location 590](https://readwise.io/to_kindle?action=open&asin=B005K7J8SI&location=590))
- On the one hand, our cluu-octer is reflected in… ([Location 590](https://readwise.io/to_kindle?action=open&asin=B005K7J8SI&location=590))
- Not only do our actions reflect our character, but our actions… ([Location 594](https://readwise.io/to_kindle?action=open&asin=B005K7J8SI&location=594))
- Virtue Ethics Focuses on Motivation and… ([Location 597](https://readwise.io/to_kindle?action=open&asin=B005K7J8SI&location=597))
- The truly virtuous person will desire to do what is right. The virtuous person does not just perform the right action; she does what is right… ([Location 599](https://readwise.io/to_kindle?action=open&asin=B005K7J8SI&location=599))
- Truly moral people seem to be those who act virtuously, not simply out of some abstract sense of what they ought to do… ([Location 611](https://readwise.io/to_kindle?action=open&asin=B005K7J8SI&location=611))
- Emotions, Dispositions, and… ([Location 612](https://readwise.io/to_kindle?action=open&asin=B005K7J8SI&location=612))
- But virtue ethicists see emotions as central to the moral life. Emotions and virtues… ([Location 615](https://readwise.io/to_kindle?action=open&asin=B005K7J8SI&location=615))
- Part of becoming a virtuous person is learning to feel the right emotions… ([Location 628](https://readwise.io/to_kindle?action=open&asin=B005K7J8SI&location=628))
- Through prayer, study, imagination, and action, we can transform our emotional responses… ([Location 631](https://readwise.io/to_kindle?action=open&asin=B005K7J8SI&location=631))
- In the end, Christians are called to a purification of the whole person-behavior,… ([Location 634](https://readwise.io/to_kindle?action=open&asin=B005K7J8SI&location=634))
- Christian character is absolutely central to the Christian life. To be a Christian is to be shaped by the values, commitments, and worldview of the community of faith to such a degree that one begins to internalize certain virtues and dispositions. To be a Christian is not merely to act in certain ways. Nor is being a Christian merely to believe certain abstract doctrines. While belief and action are vital to being a Christian, one must also allow oneself to be shaped and molded into a… ([Location 636](https://readwise.io/to_kindle?action=open&asin=B005K7J8SI&location=636))
- Christians have a particular way of talking about developing the kind of character that reflects God's intention for God's human creatures. We call it sanetificution(from Latin sunctus, meaning "holy")-to be made holy. To be holy is to he set… ([Location 654](https://readwise.io/to_kindle?action=open&asin=B005K7J8SI&location=654))
- There are many, many virtues identified throughout Scripture. Some of the prevalent ones found in… ([Location 663](https://readwise.io/to_kindle?action=open&asin=B005K7J8SI&location=663))
- "fruits of the… ([Location 666](https://readwise.io/to_kindle?action=open&asin=B005K7J8SI&location=666))
- A general consensus was reached among them on what are called the "… ([Location 670](https://readwise.io/to_kindle?action=open&asin=B005K7J8SI&location=670))
- Wisdom / PrudenceThis is the crowning virtue of the… ([Location 671](https://readwise.io/to_kindle?action=open&asin=B005K7J8SI&location=671))
- CourageFew us of will ever get to exhibit courage by running into a burning building to save a child, but we often confront more… ([Location 676](https://readwise.io/to_kindle?action=open&asin=B005K7J8SI&location=676))
- JusticeJustice is the virtue of acting in such a way as to give… ([Location 679](https://readwise.io/to_kindle?action=open&asin=B005K7J8SI&location=679))
- Retributive justice is the institution of punishment… ([Location 680](https://readwise.io/to_kindle?action=open&asin=B005K7J8SI&location=680))
- Distributive justice involves the means by which we distribute the goods of society: money,… ([Location 682](https://readwise.io/to_kindle?action=open&asin=B005K7J8SI&location=682))
- Temperance or Self-ControlUnfortunately, this term has been almost exclusively identified with abstinence from alcohol. But temperance is much more than abstaining from alcohol or other temptations such as drugs, chocolate, caffeine, and the like. It is to be in control of one's… ([Location 689](https://readwise.io/to_kindle?action=open&asin=B005K7J8SI&location=689))
- Christian Cardinal Virtues: Faith, Hope… ([Location 694](https://readwise.io/to_kindle?action=open&asin=B005K7J8SI&location=694))
- Faith is understood as… ([Location 697](https://readwise.io/to_kindle?action=open&asin=B005K7J8SI&location=697))
- Our hope is not in ourselves: our hope is in the… ([Location 701](https://readwise.io/to_kindle?action=open&asin=B005K7J8SI&location=701))
- We shall discuss the virtue of love at length in a later chapter. But this is the virtue that hinds… ([Location 706](https://readwise.io/to_kindle?action=open&asin=B005K7J8SI&location=706))
- A single Hebrew word encompasses all of these… ([Location 708](https://readwise.io/to_kindle?action=open&asin=B005K7J8SI&location=708))
- The goal and capstone of the Christian life is shalom-peace, harmony. and love between all human beings and… ([Location 709](https://readwise.io/to_kindle?action=open&asin=B005K7J8SI&location=709))
- A spirit of forgiveness characterizes… ([Location 712](https://readwise.io/to_kindle?action=open&asin=B005K7J8SI&location=712))
- Christians are characterized by a profound sense of humility. This humility arises out of… ([Location 715](https://readwise.io/to_kindle?action=open&asin=B005K7J8SI&location=715))
- Finally, a central Christian… ([Location 721](https://readwise.io/to_kindle?action=open&asin=B005K7J8SI&location=721))
- These are the four recognized sources of Christian guidance or wisdom in the Christian tradition: the Bible,… ([Location 737](https://readwise.io/to_kindle?action=open&asin=B005K7J8SI&location=737))
- 1. Noachic. ([Location 1327](https://readwise.io/to_kindle?action=open&asin=B005K7J8SI&location=1327))
- 2. Abrahamic. ([Location 1328](https://readwise.io/to_kindle?action=open&asin=B005K7J8SI&location=1328))